{"id":1461,"date":"2026-02-18T19:37:45","date_gmt":"2026-02-18T19:37:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.copantalya.com\/?page_id=1461"},"modified":"2026-03-02T19:35:06","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T19:35:06","slug":"uluslararasi-hukuk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.copantalya.com\/ms\/uluslararasi-hukuk\/","title":{"rendered":"Undang-undang Antarabangsa"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Undang-undang Antarabangsa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Perubahan iklim merujuk kepada perubahan jangka panjang dalam suhu atmosfera Bumi dan keadaan cuaca. Walaupun proses semula jadi boleh menyebabkan perubahan iklim, aktiviti manusia\u2014terutamanya penggunaan bahan api fosil, pembalakan dan industrialisasi\u2014menjanjakkan proses ini.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Perubahan iklim merujuk kepada perubahan jangka panjang dalam suhu atmosfera Bumi dan keadaan cuaca. Walaupun proses semula jadi boleh menyebabkan perubahan iklim, aktiviti manusia\u2014terutamanya penggunaan bahan api fosil, pembalakan dan industrialisasi\u2014menjanjakkan proses ini.<\/p>

Secara khusus, kesan rumah hijau disebabkan oleh gas seperti karbon dioksida (CO\u2082), metana (CH\u2084) dan oksida nitrat (N\u2082O) yang terkumpul di atmosfera dan memerangkap haba daripada matahari, sekali gus mencetuskan proses pemanasan yang dikenali sebagai pemanasan global. Proses ini menjejaskan pelbagai sistem semula jadi, daripada arus lautan hingga corak hujan, menyebabkan perubahan ketara dalam kejadian cuaca ekstrem. Bencana alam yang berpunca daripada perubahan ekstrem ini dirujuk sebagai \u201ckrisis iklim\u201d untuk menekankan kesannya.<\/p>

Konsekuensi alam sekitar krisis iklim termasuk peningkatan pelepasan gas rumah hijau, peningkatan keterukan bencana alam, ancaman terhadap keselamatan makanan, dan kemunculan kelaparan serta krisis air yang terhasil. Walau bagaimanapun, krisis iklim bukan sahaja menjejaskan alam sekitar tetapi juga dasar nasional, perjanjian antarabangsa dan undang-undang antarabangsa. Salah satu contoh paling ketara ialah Perjanjian Paris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Perjanjian Paris<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Perkara Perjanjian Paris, yang diterima pada tahun 2015 Persidangan Perubahan Iklim Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu<\/span> Ia adalah perjanjian alam sekitar antarabangsa yang diterima di bawah kerangka COP21 dan ditandatangani di Paris, ibu negara Perancis. Matlamat utamanya ialah mengekalkan kenaikan suhu global jauh di bawah 2\u00b0C berbanding paras pra-industri dan, jika boleh, mengehadkannya kepada 1.5\u00b0C.<\/p>

Perjanjian itu mula berkuat kuasa pada tahun 2016 dan, setakat Mac 2021, telah diratifikasi oleh 191 negara. Kandungan dan mekanisme pelaksanaannya telah diperkemas dari semasa ke semasa. Selain sasaran suhu:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMemerangi kemiskinan<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPromosi sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMemperkukuh kerjasama antarabangsa<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMendukung pembangunan lestari<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Tujuan sedemikian juga telah dimasukkan dalam skopnya.<\/p>

    Salah satu mekanisme paling penting dalam perjanjian itu ialah bahawa negara-negara Sumbangan yang Ditentukan Secara Kebangsaan (NDCs)<\/b><\/span> Ia adalah komitmen untuk mengurangkan pelepasan. Negara-negara menetapkan sasaran pengurangan pelepasan mereka sendiri, mengambil kira tahap pelepasan semasa, kapasiti ekonomi dan tahap pembangunan mereka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Prinsip Utama dalam Penetapan Sasaran Kebangsaan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Asas saintifik<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Matlamat hendaklah ditetapkan selaras dengan data saintifik dan saranan pakar iklim.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Keterbukaan<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Komitmen mesti disampaikan kepada orang ramai dengan cara yang jelas dan mudah diakses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Laporan Kemajuan<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Pelaporan berkala mesti dijalankan semasa proses mencapai sasaran yang ditetapkan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t

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    Had Perjanjian Paris<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Walaupun Perjanjian Paris mewakili langkah besar ke hadapan, ia mempunyai beberapa keterbatasan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Masalah Pengikatan<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Kewajipan negara untuk mengemukakan NDC adalah mengikat; bagaimanapun, sasaran pengurangan pelepasan yang ditetapkan tidak boleh dikuatkuasakan secara undang-undang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Sasaran yang tidak mencukupi<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Komitmen nasional semasa umumnya tidak mencukupi untuk mencapai sasaran 1.5\u00b0C.<\/p>

    \u00a0<\/p>

    \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Kekurangan Pembiayaan<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Kewangan iklim yang telah dijanjikan oleh negara maju untuk disediakan kepada negara membangun sering kali tidak mencukupi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Cabaran Pelaksanaan<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Perubahan politik, krisis ekonomi dan keutamaan nasional boleh menyukarkan pelaksanaan dasar iklim.<\/p>

    \u00a0<\/p>

    \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Kepentingan Kerjasama Antarabangsa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Oleh kerana perubahan iklim adalah isu global, kerjasama antarabangsa amat penting. Negara-negara<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMereka harus memberikan sokongan kewangan.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKita harus berkongsi teknologi tenaga boleh diperbaharui.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMereka harus bertukar maklumat dan data.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    • \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMereka harus membangunkan projek iklim bersama.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      Kesimpulannya, mencapai matlamat Perjanjian Paris hanya akan mungkin dengan sumbangan bukan sahaja kerajaan, tetapi juga individu, organisasi masyarakat sivil dan sektor swasta. Menangani krisis iklim memerlukan usaha kolektif yang berlapis-lapis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, D\u00fcnya atmosferinin s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve hava ko\u015fullar\u0131nda uzun vadeli de\u011fi\u015fimleri ifade eder. Do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7ler iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine neden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1461","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.copantalya.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1461","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.copantalya.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.copantalya.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.copantalya.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.copantalya.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1461"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/www.copantalya.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1461\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1700,"href":"https:\/\/www.copantalya.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1461\/revisions\/1700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.copantalya.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1461"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}